Pharos Store
The Future of Blockchain Storage
Last updated
The Future of Blockchain Storage
Last updated
To address the limitations posed by state bloat, Pharos Store was developed as the first blockchain-native, verifiable storage solution, offering high-performance read/write capabilities and efficient merklization. Compared to traditional blockchain storage solutions, Pharos Store achieves up to 15.8× throughput and 80.3% storage cost savings [1].
Pharos Store integrates the Authenticated Data Structure (ADS) directly into the storage engine, eliminating the boundary between ADS and backend storage to enable fine-grained I/O optimization. This is achieved through three core components:
DMM-Tree (Delta-encoded Multi-version Merkle Tree): A built-in multi-version Merkle tree that supports dictionary trees, B-trees, and other tree structures.
LSVPS (Log-Structured Versioned Page Store): Provides a page index abstraction between memory and secondary storage for the DMM-Tree.
VDLS (Versioned Data Logging Stream): Stores user metadata in an append-only manner.
By integrating ADS with the storage engine, Pharos Store eliminates the Long I/O Path problem that plagues traditional two-layer architectures (e.g., Merkle Tree + KVDB), becoming the first Blockchain Native ADS Store.
Pharos Store replaces hash-based addressing with version-based addressing, which eliminates the need for file compaction by ordering data according to version numbers.
Both logically and physically, each leaf node in a DMM-Trie records the block number corresponding to its child nodes, unlike hash-based addressing methods (e.g., MPT, IAVL, ZKTrie). DMM-Trie uses V (the most recent version) + NodeIndex to locate internal nodes and leaf nodes in sequence. Each node and page in the DMM-Trie retains V and the V of its children.
To mitigate the impact of State Bloat, Pharos Store adopts the following techniques:
Internal Compactions to reduce node path length.
Persistent storage at the subtree level, where pages are used as the minimal persistence unit written to storage.
Delta Encoding: Persists tree nodes using delta encoding, storing only modified data to reduce I/O and space amplification.
By employing these techniques, Pharos Store reduces ADS storage space and bandwidth consumption to less than 20% of traditional models.
As the first blockchain-native ADS storage solution, Pharos Store is compatible with MPT, JMT, and ZKTrie, significantly improving single-node performance, especially in large-scale data environments and complex contract scenarios. More detailed information will be released soon, and we welcome more teams and projects to join us!
In the article , we discuss the three main challenges facing blockchain storage today: Long I/O Paths, Hash-Based Addressing, and State Bloat. Pharos Store tackles these issues through several key design innovations:
